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3 The major urinary metabolites of ethylbenzene are mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), 4 which are the same for styrene. 2 Xylene, which exists as three isomers ( o-, m-, and p-xylene), is excreted in urine as the corresponding o-, m-, and p-methyl hippuric acids ( o-, m-, and p-MHA). Toluene is excreted in urine almost exclusively as hippuric acid (HA). 1, 5 Workers in these industries are frequently co-exposed to these solvents because these solvents are often used in combination with each other. 4 Styrene is used to produce polystyrene plastics and resins, especially in fiber-reinforced plastics production. 1- 3 Ethylbenzene is not only used primarily as an intermediate in the production of styrene, but also contained approximately 20% in industrial grade xylene. 1 Toluene and xylene are used separately or in mixtures as organic solvents in paints, coatings, thinners, inks, and adhesives. Various organic solvents are used in industrial workplaces, among which toluene, xylene, styrene, and ethylbenzene are the most widely used. The proposed method is a simple and accurate which is suitable for routine analyses that could be used for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to four organic solvents. The analytical values of ClinChek obtained using the proposed method were sufficiently accurate. Interday accuracy and precision were 93.4%-104.0% and 1.2%-9.5%, respectively. The recovery was 93%-117%, intraday accuracy, expressed as the deviation from the nominal value, was 92.7%-103.0%, and intraday precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was 1.3%-4.7%. For each metabolite, the limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively.
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ResultsĬalibration curves showed linearity in the concentration range of 10-1000 mg/L for each metabolite, with correlation coefficients >0.999. The accuracy of the proposed method was confirmed by analyzing a ClinChek ®-Control for occupational medicine (RECIPE Chemicals +Instruments GmbH). The proposed method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidance. The four metabolites were directly methyl-esterified with 2,2-dimethoxypropane and analyzed using GC-MS. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and accurate gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous determination of four urinary metabolites from four organic solvents, that is, hippuric acid (HA) from toluene, methylhippuric acid (MHA) from xylene, and mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) from styrene or ethylbenzene for biological monitoring.
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